Market Structure of Petrol Companies - 952 Words

Petrol companies have the market structure of an oligopoly. An oligopoly is a market structure where there are a few dominant firms whose behavior is interdependent. There are a few dominant firms relative to market size, and they each command a large proportion of the market share, thus having strong monopoly power. Examples of petrol companies include Shell, Caltex and Exxon Mobil. Their demand curve is downward sloping, meaning that they are price setters. Petrol is a homogeneous product, hence the oligopoly is known to be pure or perfect. Theoretically only one firm can prevail, but since the firm’s demand is not perfectly elastic, the firm has price control over its pricing policy. There is a great fear of rivals’ reactions to each†¦show more content†¦Due to the high barriers to entry, an oligopolistic firm is able to retain its supernormal profits in the long run. In an oligopoly, there is imperfect knowledge. Sellers and buyers have incomplete information regarding production methods and prices. As in the case of a monopoly, the imperfect knowledge serves as a barrier to entry of potential new firms and may at the same time; increase the price-setting ability of the oligopolistic firms. Due to the small number of competitors in the market, every action taken by any petrol company will affect all the other firms in the market significantly. Rivals’ actions cannot be ignored, as they are likely to result in adverse effects. Thus, there is a large degree of mutual interdependence. Each firm will have to assess or predict rivals’ actions to its pricing strategies. If a petrol company decides to raise its price above equilibrium price, it assesses that rivals are unlikely to follow. As a result, the quantity demanded for its petrol will fall by more than proportionate. Hence, above the equilibrium price, the demand is price elastic. On the other hand, if they were to reduce its price below equilibrium price, it predicts that rivals will match its price reduction, and quantity demanded for its petrol rises by only less than proportionate. With the price-inelastic demand, the total revenue for the firm will again fall. Hence, demand curve below the equilibrium priceShow MoreRelatedThe Indian Lubricant Market: Survival of the Slickest1452 Words   |  6 PagesLubricant Market: Survival of the Slickest Introduction The Indian automotive lubricant market is the sixth largest market in the world with revenues of approximately $1.30 billion in 2002. It is also one of the fastest growing retail markets in India. Until 1993, it was a highly regulated market with a clear dominance of the public sector. Companies like Bharat Petroleum (BPCL), Hindustan Petroleum (HPCL), and Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) held more than 75 percent of the market shareRead MorePopulation in India Equates to Unbelievable Traffic Essay1013 Words   |  5 Pagespublic transport usage is an impressive 80 per cent by 2020, it has actually slipped to under 40 per cent at current rates. For the purpose of managing the traffic and to meet the goals of the Master Plan, the government of Delhi has shortlisted your company in providing advice to conquer this problem. Q1. What are the key factors you will consider in analyzing the problem? What methods you will use in analyzing the factors? (5) Q2. The government is expecting a model which works on a cost effectiveRead MoreColes and Woolworths Case Study Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pages1. The key to Woolworths’ faster growth than Coles Myers may be attributed to several reasons, one of them being its emphasis on diversification which saw it enter markets such as petrol. Woolworths offered everyday low price (EDLP) on established brands, a strategy akin to Wal-Mart in the United States which presents a competitive advantage against Coles Myers’ Kmart and Target divisions which maintained a ‘high-low’ pricing strategy. Woolworths CEO Roger Corbett who had prior experience with theRead MorePerfect Competition and Monopoly1722 Words   |  7 Pagescompetition and monopoly market structures, and identify the key factors that distinguish them. Perfect Competition Market In economic theory, the perfect competition is a market form in which no producer or consumer has the power to influence prices in the market. According to the website wordIQ.com, in order to classify the market is a perfect competition market, the market must match below criteria: 1. There are a large number of small producers and consumers on a given market 2. None of theRead MorePerfect Competition and Monopoly1734 Words   |  7 Pagescompetition and monopoly market structures, and identify the key factors that distinguish them. Perfect Competition Market In economic theory, the perfect competition is a market form in which no producer or consumer has the power to influence prices in the market. According to the website wordIQ.com, in order to classify the market is a perfect competition market, the market must match below criteria: 1. There are a large number of small producers and consumers on a given market 2. None of theRead MoreAccounting And Finance For Decision Makers1063 Words   |  5 Pagesefficiency and liquidity assets of a business. This report incorporates the working capital, capital structure and account. A monetary articulation are extra explanations that help clarify particular things in the announcements and in addition give a more complete evaluation of Sainsbury s money related condition. This report serves to study who do Sainsbury s raise money for their business. ABOUT THE COMPANY Sainsbury was founded in 1869 by John James Sainsbury with a shop in Prury Lane, London. ThenRead MoreIndividual Contemporary Articles Analysis: Holden leave Australia1608 Words   |  7 Pagessave Holden? What about the other manufacturer (TOYOTA) in Australia? This analysis will discuss the past and current situation of Holden in Australia vehicle market. Furthermore, whether are the economics policies and strategies of Holden consistent to the economic theories or not will be analysis. The future Australia vehicle market will be looked to at the end. 2.0 Economic Analysis 2.1 Demand and Supply In the past five years, all of the domestic and global car manufacturers were strugglingRead MoreInternal External Factors of Toyota1464 Words   |  6 PagesAbout The Toyota Company Company Name | Toyota Motor Corporation | President and Representative Director | Akio Toyoda | Company Address |    | Head Office | 1 Toyota-Cho, Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture 471-8571, Japan Phone: (0565) 28-2121 | Tokyo Head Office | 1-4-18 Koraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8701, Japan Phone: (03) 3817-7111 | Nagoya Office | 4-7-1 Meieki, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture 450-8711, Japan Phone: (052) 552-2111 | Date founded | August 28, 1937 | Capital | 397Read MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of a Duopolistic market structure1822 Words   |  8 Pagesduoppolistic Market structure jaiveer Khurana GBBA10028 09/10/2013 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Duopolistic Market structure A duopolistic market structure is a form of oligopoly in which two main companies dominate most of the market share of a particular product or a service. The impact on the market is quite similar to that of a monopoly. In a duopolistic market structure the companies that have a duopoly reap the full benefits of controlling the price and output in the market. But thisRead MoreBritish Petroleum and Its Corporate Strategy1595 Words   |  7 Pagesthat a structured, detailed and continuous analysis of the principal dimensions of the environment is made. In order to profitably satisfy customer needs, an organisation must understand its external and internal situation including the customer, the market and its own capabilities. Furthermore, it needs to understand and adapt to the dynamic and uncontrollable factors of the environment in which it operates. Corporate strategy is a tool whereby an organisation is able to achieve and sustain success

Design Of Design Communication And Rhetoric Essay - 873 Words

Whether it is the Blog post by Utile Design, â€Å"Design Communication and Rhetoric,† or the Educational paper titled â€Å"An Argument for Argument in Architectural Education,† both stress an utmost concern for the lack of education in relation to certain skills that are invaluable in the design field in Architecture Schools in the United States. These skills include, but are not limited to, well-rounded critical thinking, written and oral, and interpersonal communication skills in relation to both design thinking and design process. â€Å"Design Communication and Rhetoric† dwells into detail of why such skills are important, but fails to provide any solution except for a concise census. However, in â€Å"An Argument for Argument in Architectural Education† the authors state the issue and concern, but also state a solution in which schools can adapt to meet a new agenda. In the Blog post, the writer analyzes how the methods in which an individual communi cates constantly evolves over the course of the design process. There are five specific target audiences for how one writes, speaks, and visual conveys an idea in an architectural setting. First is the self, the originator, designer, and author of the idea, which contains little to nothing in relation to persuasion, because an idea is only written then as being a solution to a design problem. Next comes those that are collaborated with, the mode staying the same (using sketching and writing) with an introduction of an additional layer ofShow MoreRelatedEssay On Graphic Design1049 Words   |  5 PagesGraphic Design is a form of visual communication where one uses images, shapes, colors, and text to convey ideas and concepts. The field of graphic design encompasses many different sub-sections including web design and printmaking, however, the field of graphic design is not very heavy on professional writing. Instead graphic design utilizes images to convey messages and concepts. Thr oughout this essay I will explore the formatting styles, genres and uses of writing, and how writing and rhetoricalRead MoreDesigning A New Writing : Digital Image Processing Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagestheir clients wants while maintain the visual elements and rhetoric appeals that they want to put in to their work. They are experts on conveying messages through the use of visual element using different ways. However, as opposed to the common belief, graphic designing is not just about designing, but also about writing. Writing is mostly emphasized as a form of communication, information in an infographic, website or syllabi and designs such as typographies. To elaborate on what graphic designingRead More The Study of Rhetoric Essay1038 Words   |  5 PagesThe Study of Rhetoric Works Cited Missing The study of rhetoric traditionally has aimed to equip students with an ability to identify problems and issues, to investigate, to interpret, and to communicate results -- whatever the subject matter. These abilities require higher-level thinking, not just skills; analysis and evaluation, not just observation . . . . The study emphasizes strategies and practice rather than a body of facts and contemplation; thus the study of rhetoric aims for socialRead MoreWhy Is Art A Genre? Essay1464 Words   |  6 Pagesintriguing course that I have been taking, my intended major for my genre is graphic design. Graphic design is the art or profession of visual communication that combines images, words, and ideas to convey information to an audience, especially to produce a specific effect. (Dictionary) Graphic design is widely used for advertising, labeling it one of the most broad career choices. Also known as communication design, it uses many concepts such as art, practice of planning, blueprinting projectingRead MoreCommunication Theory : The Agenda Setting Theory1326 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication Theory Case Study Vidya Naidoo 5073 Communication Design Theory - Assignment Two Introduction: In this case study I will be analysing the Agenda Setting Theory of Communication proposed by Maxwell McCombs and Donald L. Shaw in 1972 in relation to the Cosmopolitan Australia magazine cover, Katy Perry issue 2014. Analysis of communication theory: The agenda setting theory by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw states that the ideas of the public in the modern world are constructedRead MoreRhetoric Neutrality2494 Words   |  10 PagesCS Module code- 5CTA1011 Critical Analysis The rhetoric of neutrality- Robin Kinross Discuss the visual rhetoric in graphic design. Graphic design is a vast industry in visual communication, using information, typography, isotopes, and diagrams as a way to communicate across to its audiences. Through detailed investigations of design and taking on Robin Kinross (1985), claims that the distinction between design for information and design for persuasion â€Å"cannot be a clear one† this work willRead More Visual Media, Allegorical Consciousness, and Postmodern Culture1642 Words   |  7 Pagesto put on the table. The first consideration is that the study of visual media is likely to be occurring at all, or in a particular form, because our society now is moving beyond those media to other communication technologies. Here I am applying an observation from the history of communication: We know that the study of the forms and functions of oral speech emerged in antiquity just as literacy was being disseminated widely across and within the societies of the time. Although speech was featuredRead MoreVisual And Design, An Art Of Thought And Communication1343 Words   |  6 Pagesuse are influenced with the themes of communication. Designs treat form not only as value itself but also in the means of pleasing and shaping the appearance of objects for an effect that’s intended for whatever. Design can be viewed as a rhetoric, which is an art of reshaping society, changing the course of individuals and setting patterns for new action. Technologists argue that technology is part of broader ar t and design, an art of thought and communication that can move in other’s wide rangeRead MoreAnalysis Of Designing For The Herd1988 Words   |  8 Pagesa whole (Belz and Peattie, 2012). However, while the purpose of communicating about sustainability is clear, the specific communication strategies to employ are less certain. The following studies set out to examine the most effective means to reach one’s intended audiences through embracing a herd mentality, emphasizing value to the consumer, visual rhetoric of document design. Audience First, Mark Earls, author of Designing for the Herd holds a unique perspective on the most effective approachRead MoreHarry Potter And The Deathly Hallows1577 Words   |  7 PagesPotter series and represents the fight between good and evil forces. This artifact is filled with interesting concepts and themes that can be analyzed from various perspectives. According to Adler, R. B. and Rosenfeld Proctor II, R. F. (2013), â€Å"communication is transactional†¦. [It] is a dynamic process that the participants create through their interaction with one another† (p.11). We see in the trailer that the relationship between Harry and Lord Voldemort, the villain who is determined to kill Harry

Behavioral Accommodations For Students With Adhd ( Nowacek...

accommodations in academic areas. However, behavioral accommodations were understood and implemented. Surprisingly, elementary and intermediate teachers didn’t apply individual adjustments to students with ADHD (Nowacek Mamlin, 2007). It becomes important to stress that educators need strategies that are quick and accessible to implement within daily busy schedules. Developing time sensitive strategies that can be managed in a reasonable amount of time will ensure that teachers will address ways to give students an opportunity to gain success with not only behavior, but academics as well. After all, children are the future of our society. In addition to reading impairments and modifications, motivational factors played a key role in the way teachers educate their students. In Hadre and Hennessey’s (2013) study, educators were not consistent and aware of how to sustain motivation for their students. Educators did in fact incorporate short term techniques to get students attention, however, long term strategies may be more beneficial to the student’s success in academics (Hadre Hennessey, 2013). Providing adequate strategies for educators to utilize with their students, specifically students with ADHD may in fact assist in closing the gap in reading deficiencies. Students with reading disabilities and ADHD experience a decline in motivation over a period of time (Beike and Zentall, 2012). Providing students with adequate techniques to guarantee motivation is displayed,Show MoreRelatedMotivating Motivation And Classroom Climate984 Words   |  4 Pagestask; however students with ADHD are impacted by the ir disorder, which causes academic and behavioral concerns. Nowacek and Mamlin (2007), discovered that educators offer a small number of modifications for students who exhibit ADHD. However, teachers understood the characteristics students with ADHD possessed (Nowacek Mamlin, 2007). Sapiro, Dupaul, and Bradley-Klug (1998), established when strategies, such as self-management, were presented to students with ADHD. These students were inclined

Essay on Why Marriage Matters - 1549 Words

Marriage, a Backbone to Civilization Marriage matters. If marriage did not matter, would it even be considered when growing up? The common child at some point thinks about getting married and having children. Our society has gone through monumental shifts throughout its history. A theme that has not changed however, marriage, has survived through it all due to its importance. Our children and our health are two of the most important aspects of life. Marriage will help in both of those categories. Children have better relationships with their parents because of marriage. Watching their parents, they grow up having better relationships themselves. Increased success in school has been noted. Families are more financially stable,†¦show more content†¦Marriage concept undoubtedly comes from your own parents. Who else’s marriage are your children watching day in and day out growing up? It is no surprise that a child, whose parents stay married, will generally have better relationships themselves. Marriage has a huge effect on daughters. A problem facing many young women today is premarital sex and parenthood. CIVITAS agrees: For daughters, growing up in a married family seems to help them avoid engaging in early sexual activity. This is important because early sexual activity tends to lead to teenage pregnancy and early partnering—which itself can increase the risks of having children outside marriage or of divorcing. Daughters raised outside marriage are twice as likely to become teenage mothers, twice as likely to have a child outside marriage (or outside a cohabiting union) and 50 percent more likely to divorce. Parents’ marriage is vitally important to the future outcome of the child’s marriage. The daughters are not the only one’s deeply affected though. â€Å"For sons, parental divorce doubles the odds that they will have a child outside marriage as well as the risk that they will divorce†, CIVITAS states. The correlationShow MoreRelatedGay Marriage: Why Equality Matters Essay examples610 Words   |  3 PagesSome people believe that it is okay to be prejudice against those who share love for the same sex. With that said, did you know that gay marriage is only made legal within 16 of our 50 states including the District of Columbia [3]? This idea of a heterosexual society is built upon the laws and constitutional amendments that our founding fathers indited to ensure our freedom and equality. Who knew that we would go this low to interfere with the love of others? To express love for one another, evenRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal867 Words   |  4 PagesSince gay marriage has been legalized in a handful of states, there have been more than 71,165 marriages (12 Reasons Why Marriage Equality Matters). However, there are hundreds happy couples that would like to be married all over the country. The real question is why does gay marriage matter to someone who is not gay? Does it make people question their own sexuality or go against religion? The LGBT community has rights just like everyone else, and a love that is true just an opposite-sex couplesRead MoreI Am A Male, Black, Asian, Upper Class, Lower Class1473 Words   |  6 Pageswant? Are we bias because of what society portrays or do we focus on what our culture has shown us. It has become common today to dismiss what our feelings and emotions tell us as it relates to love and marriage and go off of what society portrays. When it comes to the topic of mate choice/marriage and who we want to spend our life with or even have sex with, most of us would readily agree that as M eredith Small states in What’s Love Got to Do with It, â€Å"we are attracted to some people over othersRead More500 Word Essay on a Kind Thing I Did for Someone630 Words   |  3 Pagesof gay marriage has always been controversial. Anytime the idea of same sex couples being allowed to marry is brought up there’s almost always an argument started. It’s viewed by many as wrong and many think it should remain illegal, but why? If two people are happy, no matter the gender, why should anything stop them from marrying? Male and female, male and male, or female and female, it shouldn’t matter; if they’re happy and want to marry, let them. Most often the idea of gay marriage is viewedRead MoreThe Debate On Legalizing Same Sex Marriage1251 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Marriage also known as matrimony is the process in which two people legally or formally recognize the love between a man and woman or in some jurisdictions, two people of the same sex (Physcology Today , 2015 ). Marriage is an important part of our society. The emotional bond between two lovers is the strongest bond and most sacred (Anderson, 2013 ). However there are people who get left out because their partner is not of the same gender as they are. The debate on legalising sameRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legalized938 Words   |  4 Pages Gay marriage is in fact a controversial topic that many people feel strongly about. I believe that gay marriage should be legalized without being penalized by people who disagree with it. I will, within reason, explain to you why gay marriage should be legalized and argue against Karlee’s essay about why gay marriage shouldn’t be legalized. The first thing Karlee talks about in her opposing essay is, â€Å"Children of same-sex couples, biological or not, need both a mother and a father inRead MoreTyler Dudley. Ms. Elliott. Ap English/2P. 24 January 2017.1481 Words   |  6 PagesTyler Dudley Ms. Elliott AP English/2p 24 January 2017 Same Sex Marriage Research Paper There are many different topics in the world that split people’s opinions. Some stronger than others. These views and opinions are often swayed by one’s political views, and one of the biggest topics that sparks controversy are the rights of all people. Some of the bigger groups are Black Lives Matter and feminists. While these are very big and prominent, the one that sparks the most controversy is the LGBT communityRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Essay877 Words   |  4 PagesSame Sex Marriage! There are many different views and opinions on the relationship between a man and a woman vs. the relationship between a man and a man or a woman and a woman for that matter. Same-sex marriage is a big issue in the United States, many are against it however; many are for it. If you do your research, you can find many negative and positive reasons for which society thinks it should be legal or illegal. What people fail to realize, is that what matters in a marriage is love. MarriageRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1169 Words   |  5 PagesGay marriage should be legalized. Our civil rights and the Constitution give us many liberties. One of our civil liberties is the pursuit of happiness, which homosexual people are not allowed to chase. They cannot be married to the person they love and it violates their freedoms. According to professorshouse.com, â€Å"In Alaska, Nevada, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Nebraska, Missouri, Michigan, North Dakota, Ohio, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Kansas, Loui siana, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Texas, and Alabama, notRead MoreGay Marriage1711 Words   |  7 Pages October 13, 2009 Gay Marriage Begins With Separation Our country was built on the foundation of separation between church and state. But has the concrete wall of separation begun to deteriorate? Or was it ever really there at all? As we continuously battle over the rights to same sex marriage, the question of church or state surfaces. It is due time that we examine this matter and decide once and for all if the church should have any opinion in the matter when this country is supposed

First Crusade Free Essays

The First Crusade (1096–1099) was a military expedition by Roman Catholic Europe to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquests of the Levant (632–661), ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1099. It was launched on 27 November 1095 by Pope Urban II with the primary goal of responding to an appeal from Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, who requested that western volunteers come to his aid and help to repel the invading Seljuq Turks from Anatolia. An additional goal soon became the principal objective—the Christian reconquest of the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and the freeing of the Eastern Christians from Islamic rule. We will write a custom essay sample on First Crusade or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the crusade, knights and peasants from many nations of Western Europe travelled over land and by sea, first to Constantinople and then on towards Jerusalem, as crusaders; the peasants greatly outnumbered the knights. Peasants and knights were split into separate armies; however, because the peasants were not as well-trained in combat as the knights, their army failed to reach Jerusalem. The knights arrived at Jerusalem, launched an assault on the city, and captured it in July 1099, massacring many of the city’s Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. They also established the crusader states of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa. Because the First Crusade was largely concerned with Jerusalem, a city which had not been under Christian dominion for 461 years, and the crusader army refused to return the land to the control of the Byzantine Empire, the status of the First Crusade as defensive or as aggressive in nature remains controversial. The First Crusade was part of the Christian response to the Muslim conquests, and was followed by the Second Crusade to the Ninth Crusade, but the gains made lasted for less than 200 years. It was also the first major step towards reopening international trade in the West since the fall of the Western Roman Empire. How to cite First Crusade, Essay examples

Human Actions in Romeo and Juliet Essay Thesis Example For Students

Human Actions in Romeo and Juliet Essay Thesis In the play Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, two teenagers are controlled by a chain of human actions. Act 4, scenes 1,3 and 5, are a good representation of the web of human actions that cause tragedy between the pair of star crossed lovers (prologue). One example of human actions being dominant in those particular scenes is Friar Lawrence. His actions, while being in good intent, caused much of the pain for the other characters in the book. His first action was to offer his help to the depressed Juliet, thinking that maybe he could spy a kind of hope (Act 4, sc i, ll 68). His actions then led him to think of the fake death which he tells to her. Hold then, go home, be merry (Act 4, sc i, ll 89), he tells her, while he gives her the poison and plans to give Romeo a message describing the plan. He doesnt however, make sure Romeo gets the message which is probably the most crucial human action in the play. The other example of human actions controlling the plot is Juliet. In those scenes she acts in ways which seriously affect her life and the rest of the play. First, she comes to the Friar looking for help. I long to die, if what thou speakst speak not of remedy (Act 4, sc i, ll 66-67) is her attitude towards her situation. She then accepts the friars solution and decides to take the poison. Give me, give me! Oh tell me not of fear (Act 4, sc 1, ll 121) are her words spoken to the friar. Her actions here are to be brave and to rush into the plan. Her actions are more important than the friars in this scene because she has all the control. The friars actions are mostly suggestions and thoughts while her actions are the ones that are physical and are actually put into use. This scene isnt the only scene that demonstrates human actions controlling the play. For example, in the very first scene, Tybalt and Benvolio fight causing a certain amount of tension that sets the play up for some of the major events that happen later. Another example of this is when Romeo and Juliet meet, Romeo goes out of his way to see her again, once more, setting up the plot. The web of human actions gets larger and stronger until finally, the two biggest human actions occur and the two main characters lay dead. Lay dead because the actions they took led them to suicide. This incident, as tragic as it is, could probably have been avoided. If the actions that were taken by the characters had been planned better and the consequences had been thought about maybe a better outcome would have been reached. For example, if Friar Lawrence had thought about what would happen if Romeo didnt receive the message in time, he probably would have taken better precautions. Or maybe if Romeo had thought twice about killing Tybalt, he would have realized that it couldnt help getting closer to Juliet. Therefore, my advice in this situation is to think hard about your actions. Dont be caught up in the outcomes of them like Romeo and Juliet did.

Music study midterm Essay Example For Students

Music study midterm Essay Syncopation involves placing emphasis on normally UN-emphasized beats or using a rest on a normally emphasized beat. In other words, syncopation involves disrupting or interrupting the expected or normal rhythm of music. Many different types of music, including aka, reggae, rap, Jazz, and some forms of metal, use syncopation regularly in the music. Tempo is the speed of a given piece of music. If you think about it, tempo plays an important role in determining the mood of a piece of music, along with elements like pitch. A metronome, or a device that produces regular ticks or beats according to the beats per minute, is one way that musicians and composers can help maintain a consistent pace in the music. General tempo for a piece of music: Largo: very slow Adagio: slow Moderator: moderate tempo Allegro: fast Presto: very fast The notes that are used to indicate tempo include: Dynamics in music refers to the loudness or softness of a note, as well as the quality of the note as played. Some of the dynamics in music happen naturally. Imagine trying to play those notes for exactly the same length, in exactly the same quality, at exactly the same loudness or softness. Some of these notations include: Fortissimo (of: played very loudly Forte (f): played loudly Mezzo forte (MFC): played moderately loud Mezzo piano (pm): played moderately soft Piano (p): played softly Pianissimo (up): played very softly USIA study midterm By Gilbert 51 Fernando (usually written as soprano) is a sudden change in the level of sound. Timbre (which is pronounced tam-beer) is the tone quality of a sound, and it is what helps to distinguish one musical instrument from another. It is also sometimes referred to as color or tone quality. We can separate some of the timber differences of humans into four different categories: Soprano: a high female voice Alto: a low female voice Tenor: a high male voice Bass: a low male voice At the most basic level, melody is a series of musical notes that have been strung gather. It is composed of both pitch and rhythm and it represents the notes in a piece of music that catch our ears. Melodic phrases are groups or sets of notes that make sense together, express a musical idea, and, when combined, create the melody. Harmony is having more than one pitch within the music at the same time. We often think of harmony as a complement to melody. Generally, form is referred to as the framework that a composer uses to create a piece of music. It is the combination of the other musical elements, including pitch, tempo, and dynamics. This may include both the music itself as well as the lyrics that are to be sung with the piece of music in this spot. For example, the 12-bar blues is a chord progression that is common in many popular forms of music. Essentially, this form of music indicates when a chord change will happen in the music. It may look something like this: C C C FCC GAFF One common form is the common meter, which consists of four lines of a particular number of beats that end in the rhyming pattern of a-b-a-b. This has been a common form for both ballads and hymns for quite some time. A concerto is a musical piece n which one solo instrument (such as a piano or violin) is accompanied by an orchestra. Typically a concerto is structured into three different parts or movements. A sonata is a musical composition for a solo instrument (often piano or other keyboard instrument). In some cases, a composition may be called a sonata if it was designated as such by the composer rather than having the piece meet other criteria for a sonata. Symphony is a musical piece that has been scored for a full orchestra; it is often an extended composition. Many symphonies have four parts or movements, with the first movement in sonata form.